37 percent (from Katrina Walker’s book). The dealer also receives a hand with one. If you are looking for physical strategy cards instead of using our strategy engine, the BlackjackInfo Store has wallet-size basic strategy cards, and an advanced strategy set that includes card counting indexes right on the card. D&d 5e multiclassing spell slot calculator. Spanish Blackjack is played with six to eight 48-card decks; decks are 48 instead of 52 because all tens are removed from the deck before shuffling. One is played at Internet casinos using Real Time Gaming software, and is described in my page on RTG Pontoon. In the good old days when single deck was plentiful and rules were great, these non-counting strategies could actually give the. The most widespread method of card counting in Spanish 21 is the Hello-Lo system. Explanation of 21 Spanish. By Casinogurus How to play Spanish 21 – Rules, Tips and Strategy September 11, 2020 | 2087 Views Spanish 21 is based on the classic game of blackjack,. Place the smallest wager the table allows and forgo any of the prop bets that might be offered on the table. Casino Room. Player may re-split to four hands, including aces. based players. First off, even though playing basic strategy the casino’s house edge is only less than a full percentage point, based on the bad play of the average blackjack player the number ends up being around 5%. The last notable difference between standard blackjack and Spanish 21 rules is reaching 21. This looks like a typo. We measure the fluctuation of our performance in a casino game,the risk factor, by its standard deviation. Suited 7-7-7 pays $5,000 for bets $25 and up. No charts or strategies guarantee a win. Aces may be counted as 1 or 11 points, 2 to 9 according to pip value, and tens and face cards count as ten points. Memorizing the strategy chart can be time. Spanish 21 to the grind. Making 21 with a 6, 7, and 8, or three sevens pay 3:2. Typical rules give the house an edge of 0. Hard Hands. Spanish 21, like Blackjack, has a Basic Strategy to minimise the House Edge. GENERAL RULES OF PLAY Player’s 21 trumps dealer’s 21, always. Payouts for Blackjack and Insurance are the same as with regular Blackjack. Currently, Blackjack Verite Drills for Windows has got over 500+ Game installations and 4. Suited 6-7-8 pays 2:1. 1 Is Spanish 21 a difficult game to learn?Spanish 21 Strategy. Hit when you have a 19 with low cards. One of the most important rules in Spanish 21, that highly differs from blackjack, is the rule that a player's 21 always beats a dealer's 21. Using the special strategies Scoblete outlined with the help of blackjack expert and gaming author Fred Renzey, you give yourself a fighting chance of staying in the game instead of getting blown out of the water. If you would like to have your chip stack saved, log achievements, increase your bet limits, and be included on our. 6-7-8 spaded — 3/1 payout. For each game, the set includes two different plastic cards. Below -- Lost formatting, missing tables, etc. TI Spanish 21 SOP 02. Payouts & RTP. Commit these rules to memory so that you can take full advantage of opportunities as they arise during gameplay. The game is a variant of the traditional blackjack game and is. As you can see in the table above, there are 4 bets that you can make in a game of craps which are considered to be amongst the best casino bets that you can place. #1 Tip – Learn Basic Strategy. In Spanish 21 there are multiple ways to win each time you play a hand! Spanish 21 is played with a “Spanish Deck” which means it contains only 48 cards and doesn’t contain. Don’t be afraid to use any of the basic strategy blackjack charts either, as they can help guide you with your in-game betting decisions based on the scenario of your hand value and the dealer’s. 78%, however the house edge of S17 Spanish 21 is only 0. 1 Deck, Dealer Hits Soft 17. Blackjack NetEnt. The first step is to realize it is a totally and completely different game than BJ, so you shouldn't use anything you learned about BJ when thinking about SP21. Hitting at 14 vs. Basic strategy in blackjack allows you to look at a chart and see exactly which hands you should be (theoretically) hitting, standing, and doubling down withMatch the dealer is a blackjack side bet played in traditional blackjack and sometimes at Spanish 21. This is a page about basic strategy: the foundational strategy of blackjack that gives the player the best mathematical advantage against the dealer. $. I'm not sure what the rules are there since i never really paid any attention. Whilst in regular blackjack the house edge is about 0. The third is the studious type, the sort of player who understands basic blackjack strategy and plays it accordingly, taking extra cards, standing or surrendering when the variables of the hand become clear. The players’ 21 always beats the dealer’s 21; The house edge in Spanish 21 can be typically reduced by 1% and falls in the range of 0. Double down if you have a hand of 11. But with a house edge as low as 0. Thanks. Other players at the table are of no concern. Want to read. In blackjack, the payout is always 1:1 unless you hit a natural. When I saw the demonstration for Spanish 21, I instantly knew it would quickly catch on;. A sufficiently high T. Double down if you have a hand of Ace + 5,6. "The Pro's Guide to Spanish 21" will teach you how to play optimally, apply proven Blackjack card-counting techniques to Spanish 21, and do better than you ever did playing Blackjack. Unlicensed, but equivalent, versions may be called Spanish blackjack. In Australia…Basic strategy also provides information on insurance, even money, early surrender, and late surrender. This is everything you could ever need to know about Spanish 21, and Pontoon, as it is called in Australia. Additionally, you should always double on an 11 versus a dealer’s 2–1 and split aces and 8s. Also referred to as a Spanish 21 basic strategy card, it is a guideline that players can use in any Spanish 2 online casino so as to be able to win at the tables. The different payoff. Blackjack Appendix 9 — Five decks, dealer hits on soft 17, no hole card. 4% - but again, only if you follow a decent playing strategy. He goes over common rule variations like whether the dealer hits soft seventeen or the number of decks. There is not a universal consensus for Spanish 21 strategy with these rules. Download Blackjack Verite Drills MOD APK Unlock All for free, get now and be the best in your favorite Blackjack Verite Drills game. Blackjack Mistakes Best Casino Games in Vegas Spanish 21 Strategy. A five-card hand worth 21 pays 3 to 2. After all this talk about betting strategies and systems, you might be wondering about the best way to use them. Spanish 21 has the same object with all other blackjack variations: to beat a dealer without exceeding 21 points; the basic rules of the game and card values are also the same with a traditional blackjack. But in Spanish 21, a player getting 21 wins automatically. Michael: Let me tell you a Spanish 21 story. Following Spanish 21 Strategy can also lower the house advantage. This results in a 48-card deck as opposed to a 52-card deck, with 12 instead of 16 cards with ten-value values. Next is the Spanish 21 basic strategy when the dealer stands on a soft 17. If there was such a simplfied veresion for Spanish 21 what would it add the the house edge. The six-deck shoe lacks all 10s from the decks. 6-7-8 mixed — 3/1 payout. 4%. Overview. com offers blackjack and Spanish 21 players a free, web-based game to learn and practice basic strategy. The reason behind it is that these bets have a lower house edge compared to the other types. 8. Take your game to the next level with cards. First, I had both players follow correct total-dependent basic strategy. The following hands are close calls where strategy recommendations may differ: 5/6 vs dealer 6 (double vs hit), 13 vs dealer 6 (hit vs stand), A2/3 vs dealer 3 (double vs hit). Single Deck Blackjack Vegas. For more information about our cookies and to manage your preferences see our Cookie Policy. blackjack super 7s. Basic strategy also provides information on insurance, even money, early surrender, and late surrender. 2 or 3. 7+ Card 21: Pays 3-1. The rules are basically the same as regular blackjack with some added features such as re-splitting Aces, doubling down on more than two cards, double down rescue, and bonus payoffs for combinations. TI Spanish 21 SOP 01. There are two completely different blackjack variants known as Pontoon. I have had two unconfirmed reports of a side bet in Super Fun 21, found in the casinos of San Diego county. The goal of the game is to get a hand that totals 21 — or as close to it without going over. The bet pays 300 to 1 on a suited blackjack in diamonds. Basic strategy also provides information on insurance, even money, early surrender, and late surrender. 3 card 21 with all suited 7s pays out a whopping $1,00 bonus! Spanish 21 is a difficult game to learn by most standards. However, considering the fact that Spanish blackjack uses 6 to 8 decks of cards it is a bit of a nightmare to cut count. Split 2s and 3s against a dealer 4-7, and against a 2 or 3 if DAS is allowed. L - Concede (Surrender) if already doubled, if not - Surrender, if Surrender not possible - Hit. Source: I play this game at my local Reply replyBasic strategy is a term used to describe the best blackjack strategy (or best Spanish 21 strategy) for non card counters. Home; Blackjack Game; Spanish 21 Game; Articles; Strategy ChartsExpert Strategy for Spanish 21. S. standard rules) is only 0. But in Spanish 21, a player getting 21 wins automatically. Spanish 21 is a complex game that involves very basic strategies to win the house. The charts in the book are not formatted in a particularly easy-to-read format, and it requires careful reading to understand the adjustments that need to be made to the charts to create your own Pontoon strategy charts, but the. Players can double down on any number of cards and can even re-double if they so choose. Of course, you’ll need to adapt it, given the lack of 10s. iOS versions are also available. A five-card hand worth 21 pays 3 to 2. 40% when the basic strategy is consistently applied. Always stand with. There is a variant of Spanish 21 that gets the house edge down to 0. Basic dealer strategy in Spanish 21 match the dealer. I estimate the house edge is -0. Spanish 21 doesn't have any 10's in it and when I've played in the past, has different payouts. Unlicensed, but equivalent, versions may be called Spanish blackjack. Jacks, queens, and kings remain. I recommend counting aces as -2 and following sp21-specific basic strategy and it'll be pretty much the same as regular blackjack. I don't believe he went on to explain. It is only available on the first hand after a shuffle. Always split 8’s. Learning Spanish 21 basic strategy; If this is your first visit to the Blackjack Forum, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. -typical blackjack rules. This results in a 48-card deck as opposed to a 52-card deck, with 12 instead of 16 cards with ten-value values. For example, with Spanish 21 you will not have the ability to re-split and the dealer has to hit on a soft 17. If you hit to 21, the dealer pays you before playing out her hand. Generally speaking, many. As you can see in the table above, there are 4 bets that you can make in a game of craps which are considered t🅰o be amongst the best casino bets that you can place. 89%-0. Spanish 21 is typically played with a modified deck of cards, and it introduces a set of specific rules and bonus features that differentiate it from standard blackjack. About our free Blackjack game. Otherwise use the following strategy for playing Spanish 21: Hard 9: Double down on a two-card 9 if the dealer’s face-up card is a 6; hit against all other up cards and hit against 6 if the 9 consists of three cards. Simple Spanish 21 Strategy. For example, you'll still hit any hard total of 8 or less in Spanish 21. Spanish 21 is a variation of blackjack that is played with a unique deck of cards that doesn’t include all of. QFIT has been developing Blackjack software since 1993, is mentioned in 29. . Let's take a look at basic strategy for Spanish 21, as extreme a blackjack game as you're likely to see. The odds on Spanish 21 vs blackjack are a touch more complicated than you may be used to. Play our free Blackjack Switch game below. To make up for this, Spanish 21 gives the player a host of bonuses and favorable. Split pairs of values greater than 10: 10-10, JJ, QQ or KK. Depending on if the game is played with six or eight decks, the house edge in Spanish 21 is as low as 0. Given below are a few tips for hard totals: No Download Spanish 21. Time to Play Spanish Blackjack for. Split Aces and 8s: Splitting aces and 8s is one of the most profitable moves in Spanish 21. Double down if you have a hand of Ace + 5,6,7. Use Basic Strategy: Basic strategy is a set of rules that tells you the best way to play each hand in Spanish 21. This is something that veteran players are well aware of. If you don’t learn basic strategy, you might as well be playing a game with a higher house edge—like roulette, for example. A dealer can choose to hit or stand on a soft 17, unlike blackjack. Blackjack expected Returns for eight decks, dealer hits on soft 17. For instance, with a £10 bet, winning means another £10 in your pocket. A few of those include using the surrender option when holding 16 and 17 against an ace and also when holding 8,8 against an ace. I know that the rules of Spanish 21 say that the "envy bonus" is always $50, and the super bonus is $1,000, for bets of $5 to $25, or $5000, for bets of $25 or higher. In Spanish 21, the objective remains the same as blackjack: to achieve a hand value as close to 21 as possible without exceeding it, while also beating the dealer’s hand. It has. That being said it's funny when ploppies start getting mad at each otherThese are the main payout rules to remember when you play blackjack online: If you win by beating the dealer but don't hit exactly 21, you're doubling your bet. Wynn Resorts, which owns the famous Wynn and Encore properties on the Las Vegas Strip, launched this online casino in 2020. Spanish 21 Hand Examples. * 7 or more card 21 pays 3:1. Blackjack Verite Drills; Android Game: Kasino Oleh: QFIT (Norman Wattenberger) $13. Spanish 21 Basic Strategy; Strategy for Hard Totals: Always stand with totals of 18 or more, and hit with totals of 8 or less. Magnolia Bluffs Casino Dining, Epiphone Casino Pickups Replacement, What Is 100 Casino Bonus Bovada, Saratoga Casino Recent Winners, 250k Super High Roller Poker Tournament Aussie Millions, Western Frontier Slots, Blackjack Basic Strategy Spanish 21Select the department you want to search in. Please feel free to send let me know your thoughts and criticisms, what I did wrong, etc. Of spades, the payouts is 3 to 1. Strategy. A seven-card hand worth 21 pays 3 to 1. Will work even better in Spanish 21. 288%. As every card is dealt, you add or subtract its value from the operating count. The rules can differ from one casino to the other and this applies for the Spanish 21. S. Super Blackjack 21. 99 2023-09-01 03:04:01 UTC; Daftar: 0 + 0 Peringkat: 0 Ulasan: 0 Poin: 0 + 30 Versi: New BV-D is a set of Blackjack drills for basic strategy, Spanish 21, SuperFun21 and card counting designed to operate on both tablets and smartphones. Surrender ANY time. 40% – 0. Worldwide Casino Consulting George Joseph Las Vegas GJLV Casino Gambling Cheating State Gaming Commission Training Blackjack Poker Texas Hold Em Slots Pai Gow Baccarat Craps Roulette Advantage Play Surveillance Essentials Carnival Games email [email protected] other is played in Australia, and is very similar to what is called Spanish 21 in North America. The downside to playing Spanish 21 is that the theoretical house edge is about 3% versus the 1% in standard blackjack. This set combines perfect basic strategy with optimized card counting index numbers for the most popular card counting system, the Hi-Lo. It is based on mathematical probabilities and is designed to reduce the house edge to as low as 0. -splits and doubles were free, while you still won as if you paid for the splits/double downs. The reasoning is quite simple, and it’s similar to Hi-Lo. One of the most popular of these attempts is Spanish 21, a game that can be found in many brick-and-mortar casinos, as well as many Internet. It covers the basic strategy variations in blackjack found whenever blackjack can be found. Regular paytable - 1:1, 2:1, and 3:2 – is used for payments in Microgaming's Spanish Blackjack Gold, together with the bonus payout ratio. Blackjack Training Simulator Practice Optimal Strategy. Daniel kraft explains how xaya works, 5e multiclass warlock spell slots. Player 21 always beats the dealer’s 21 - (Pays up to 3 - 1). The problem that beginning Spanish 21 players run into is using a regular blackjack strategy chart on this game. It tells you when to hit, when to stand, when to double,. This includes assigning a value of +1 to all low cards (2-6), a value of -1 to all high cards (10-Ace), and a value of zero to all different cards (7-9). Make a wager that’s at least the minimum amount for the next hand of cards you’ll be dealt. The house edge in a typical Spanish 21 game is around 0. This bet wins if the player's hand matches dealer's cards in rank or in rank and suit. com phone 702-499-3280 website #casinoconsulting. Let's have a look at Spanish 21 in order to understand how to play it properly: 1. If you get 21 in this game, you win automatically. You’ll have to adapt your strategy based on the differences between Spanish 21 and blackjack. If perhaps you should find yourself "forced" (by gunpoint or coercion) to play this game then the optimal strategy changes somewhat. It is easy to find a free bet blackjack guide and use it for Spanish 21, as the strategies are similar. House Edge The house edge under the basic strategy above is 0. WynnBET Online Casino. Im pretty sure that everyone that played there over the course of the 5 or so hours i played made money. Spanish 21 Basic Strategy. This set of six wallet-size cards shows the optimal basic strategy for each of these games: 1 Deck, Dealer Stands on all 17s. Basic strategy for this 9vs6 hand is doubling down, but Katarina Walker’s book, The Pro's Guide to Spanish 21, shows a hit/double index of -3. Depending on the mix of playing rules and number of decks of cards, the house edge can be as low as 0. Basic strategy for regular blackjack: B. Those combinations are: 5 Card 21: Pays 3-2. 27%. While blackjack is sometimes played with one card deck (with multi-deck blackjack variations), Spanish 21 is almost always played with six to eight decks. secret monkey count, spanish. However the bonuses are not paid if the player doubled. The reason behind it is that th﷽ese bets have a lower house edge compared to the other. Split 9s against a dealer 2-6 or 8-9. * 5-card 21 (getting up to 21 with a combination of 5 cards dealt) pays 3:2. 6-7-8 suited — 2/1 payout. Do not take insurance. $50 “Envy Bonus” for other players in hand when suited 7-7-7 occurs. The additional rules. Use basic strategy. 1 - hit if 6-7-8 combo is possible. What would be the best strategy for this? Should I use basic strategy for regular blackjack or for Spanish 21. Im pretty sure that everyone that played there over the course of the 5 or so hours i played made money. Hitting on 13 when the dealer and having a face card, I received a face card and busted. The strategy for playing Spanish 21 is similar to basic strategy at standard blackjack, but there are a few variables. Now that we’ve covered all of the rules, potential payouts, and discussed the differences between. Conclusion. One is because there are no tens in the deck. triple 7 and 6-7-8 of spades are paid according to 3:1 ratio. It means for every $100 you wager, you will be expected to lose 50 cents. The basic strategy for Spanish 21 is easy enough to learn, but it has some subtleties that you don’t worry about in regular blackjack. , a gaming publishing company based in Colorado. 8%. Memorizing the strategy chart can be time. As a result, there are fewer opportunities to. 289%, and the second player to act of 0. If your hand is 21 and ties with the dealer, it still constitutes a win. Spanish 21 Basic Strategy: How To Win At Spanish 21 Use a Spanish 21 cheat sheet, very similar to a classic blackjack cheat sheet. I printed off [Spanish 21 basic strategy when the dealer stands on a soft 17. For basic strategy and analysis, see. The basic Spanish 21 strategy was described by Mr. However, considering the fact that Spanish blackjack uses 6 to 8 decks of cards it is a bit of a nightmare to cut count. Cards. First try to get the game down. The main difference is that all 10s are. Always hit when your total is a hard 8 or lower. S. Learn all about the game of 21 and basic blackjack strategy and Practice and Play Free Blackjack Below: BlackJack Strategy. Hence it is easier (and prudent) to get away with a large spread. 2 Decks, Dealer Hits Soft 17. Reprinted countless times, Thorp's Blackjack Basic Strategy chart is a useful tool for knowing when to hit, stand, split, or double down. Given how popular blackjack has proven to be around the world, it’s only natural that many have tried to change or build on the basics of the classic in order to create new challenges for players. The strategy tables below are primarily based on Wizard of Odds' analysis of the game. Feb 28, 2011. Our free online blackjack game is 100% flash free and html5 compliant which allows you to play on any browser including Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer and Chrome, or on your mobile device. A blackjack basic strategy card will not help you win at Spanish 21. This means that by tracking which cards have come out of the shoe during play, we can. The player can split pairs, double down on any two cards, and take insurance if the dealer has an Ace. Test whether you prefer the Fibonacci strategy or James Bond's approach with some free roulette games. "H17" means that the dealer hits soft seventeen, "S17" means that the dealer stands on soft. Suited 7-7-7 when the dealer has a seven face up pays $1000 for bets of $5-$24 and $5000 for bets of $25. composition-dependent basic strategy; 16: Basic strategy when dealer exposes both cards; 17: The Ace-Five card counting methodWe use cookies to improve your onsite experience and make our marketing relevant to you. S. This percentage is based on players using basic blackjack strategy, which we outline later in the article. Trivia. The same applies if both player and dealer get blackjack – the player wins. Learning Spanish 21 basic strategy If this is your first visit to the Blackjack Forum , be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. Advantages of up to 2. With most blackjack games card counting is often the number one strategy. Spanish 21 follows the basic principles of blackjack where you need to collect a higher value of cards in your hand than the dealer without going over 21. This page shall address the latter. Source:. Side Bet. -2 for aces for maintaining balanced count?you use any indices? What about the other things like EV, N0,SD,avg player advantage, etc? Basic strategy also provides information on insurance, even money, early surrender, and late surrender. If your cards add up to 21 - that's a blackjack. Spanish 21 is played with only 48 cards, as tens are removed to provide the house with an increased edge. By following basic strategy, you can reduce the house edge and increase your chances of winning. Using your file browser, navigate to that. Ferret: Don't be intimidated by the basic strategy. S. One difference is that all numbered “10” cards are removed from the deck leaving 48 cards in each deck. Without applying basic strategy, the house advantage can go as high as 0. One of the crucial aspects of blackjack is understanding and learning the rules of the game, the basic strategy and all the playing options of hitting, standing, splitting, doubling down or surrendering, along with many other slight rules and betting options. In this blog post, CasinosOnline discusses the difference between standard blackjack and Spanish blackjack. The basic strategy for Spanish 21 is easy enough to learn, but it has some subtleties that you don’t worry about in regular blackjack. Hard 10: Double down if the dealer shows. Spanish 21 is just like regular blackjack with a few exceptions. The basic blackjack strategy involves various moves, such as standing when your hand value is 12–16 when the dealer has 2–6 and hitting if your hand is 12–16 when the dealer has 7–ace. The following hands are close calls where strategy recommendations may differ: 5/6 vs dealer 6 (double vs hit), 13 vs dealer 6 (hit vs stand), A2/3 vs dealer 3 (double vs hit). Snyder in his book ( The Big Book of Blackjack ); he had made an attempt to explain its main aspects for average players to. Match the dealer is a blackjack side bet played in traditional blackjack and sometimes at Spanish 21. If you. A Basic Strategy for Spanish 21. Split 2s and 3s against dealer 2-8When a player wins with a 5-card 21, the payout is 3 to 2. Thorp introduced a calculated method for winning at blackjack. Pontoon, like Blackjack, has a Basic Strategy to minimise the House Edge. The chart below explains each type of bonus you can receive for. This is mostly because of the bonus payouts based on the number of cards in your hand. 5%. The correct basic strategy is a proven winning system for the game of twenty-one. But following a solid blackjack playing strategy can bring that down to a healthy 0. Less than 1% of all players can be disciplined enough to follow the basic strategy. Double down if you have a hand of 11. The Wizard of Vegas blackjack game offers advice based on the cards dealt to the player and the dealer’s door card, while taking the available rules into. Hard Hands. For the past few years we have conducted an annual survey of Las Vegas Blackjack, giving players information about the various styles of the classic casino game being offered in the world’s second-largest gambling market. The dealer receives two cards, as does the. In Pontoon, the ace is more threatening compared to the ace in H17 Spanish 21 US games. $19. Making 21 with a 6, 7, and 8, or three sevens pay 3:2. To count cards in Spanish 21, you need to assign a value to each dealt card. Five cards with the total of 21 are paid according to 3:2 odds. a dealer ACE. Rules to follow in Spanish 21. 6%. Although it is nearly impossible to beat the house, it is certainly possible to maximize your odds of success by utilizing proper strategy. Expert Strategy for Spanish 21 by Lenny Frome (1997) This book can be better described as a guide for those ones who want or plan to become professional Spanish 21 players. #21 Tip — Memorize Strategy Charts. However, there are opportunities with Spanish 21 if it happens to be the best game you can find. Spanish 21. For ease of understanding, I’ve split this section into three situational parts; Hard Total Hands, Soft Total Hands, and Conditions for Splitting. If those three-card hands are suited, you get 2:1, which rises to. There are two reasons for this. By using the strategy chart and taking advantage of the unique rule variations and bonus payouts offered in the game, players can increase their chances of winning and have a fun and rewarding experience at the table. In Spanish 21 it is allowed to re-split aces and hit more than one card after splitting aces, making an ace even more favorable for players. Walker’s HiLo count uses an initial running count of -32, so the neutral true count (TC) is TC=-4. Yes, definitely, if you utilize perfect basic strategy specific to each game. A. This book has only 12 pages but it perfectly describes the winning strategy of Spanish 21 and all the secrets of this card game. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. -Advantage increases by more per TC than in blackjack. Blackjack Verite Drills is on the top of the list of Casino category apps on Google Playstore. The payout for a natural blackjack is typically 3:2, and the house edge is around 0. American Blackjack. It is difficult to find Spanish 21. 3 percent to the house edge.